ANCIENT WARE HISTORY
DUKES OF ALSACE
ADALBERT, DUKE OF ALSACE
BIRTH: ca. 675
DEATH: Two dates of death are given, the 922/923 date is because his son succeeded him in 923, the second 12/5/741 is his actual date of death in Alsace, France.
MARRIED: ca. 697
WIFE: 1) Gerlinde of Aquitaine 2) Eugenie / Ingina, a wealthy woman of Alsace, Ingina was not the mother of his children. Gerlinda (Gerelindis) was the daughter of Odo de Pfalzel and Adala (daughter of Hugobert). Hugobert was count of the palace under King Childebert III, and his wife was Saint Irmina d’Oeren (daughter of Theotarius, Bishop of Girona). Theotarius’ brother was Arnulf, Bishop of Metz and his sister was Itta, wife of Pepin of Landen. They were children of Arnoald, Bishop of Metz, son of Ansbertus and his wife Billihild, son of Ferreolus, Senator of Narbonne and his wife Dode and were of Gallo-Roman origin.
BIRTH: ca. 675
DEATH: Two dates of death are given, the 922/923 date is because his son succeeded him in 923, the second 12/5/741 is his actual date of death in Alsace, France.
MARRIED: ca. 697
WIFE: 1) Gerlinde of Aquitaine 2) Eugenie / Ingina, a wealthy woman of Alsace, Ingina was not the mother of his children. Gerlinda (Gerelindis) was the daughter of Odo de Pfalzel and Adala (daughter of Hugobert). Hugobert was count of the palace under King Childebert III, and his wife was Saint Irmina d’Oeren (daughter of Theotarius, Bishop of Girona). Theotarius’ brother was Arnulf, Bishop of Metz and his sister was Itta, wife of Pepin of Landen. They were children of Arnoald, Bishop of Metz, son of Ansbertus and his wife Billihild, son of Ferreolus, Senator of Narbonne and his wife Dode and were of Gallo-Roman origin.
CHILDREN:
1. Leugarda of Alsace
2. Liutfried I, duke of Alsace married Edith de Elzas
3. Eberhard, Duke of Alsace had 1. Alberic 2. Eberhard II 3. Warin
4. Albéric, Count of Nordgau
5. Eugénie of Alsace, Saint
6. Attala of Alsace, Saint
7. Maso of Alsace
8, Gundlendis / Gerlinda of Alsace
9. Engilbert II, Graf von Altdorf
10. Richbald of Alsace married countess Ermengarde of Lucca had count Bonifacio de Lucca
The son of Adalrich and Berswinde, Adalbert was created Count of the Sundgua (a geographical territory in the southern Alsace region - Haut Rhin and Belfort - on the eastern edge of France) by his father ca. 683. It is not known if Adalbert appointed another count to succeed him after taking over the ducal office, exercised the comital powers himself, or left the office vacant. Under Adalbert, Etichonid control of the offices of the duchy of Alsace and of the monasteries of the region became entrenched.
Alsace was generally divided into a Nordgau and a Sundgau. These counties, as well as the monasteries of the duchy, were brought under tighter control of the dukes with the rise of the Etichonids. The last Etichonid duke, Liutfried, may have died fighting Theudebald on behalf of Pepin the Short. Among the descendants of the Etichonids, in the female line were Hugh of Tours and his family, including his daughter Ermengard, who was wife to Lothair I and mother to three Carolingian kings. In the 10th century the Etichonids remained powerful in Alsace as counts. "Alsace" comes from the Germanic ali-land-sat-ja, meaning "one who sits in another land." Alsace was Alemanni territory, but not so much as Alemannia proper, which was east of the Rhine: it was, however, the "other" land in which some Alemanni had settled. In the late Roman Empire, a district of Alsace (pagus Alsatiae) had been established in the region. Under Chlothar II, Alsace and Alemannia were granted their own law, the Pactus Alamannorum.
Saint Eugénie of Alsace 722 to ca. 735 succeeded her aunt, Saint Odilia, as abbess and had two sisters, Saint Attala (ca. 697–741) and Saint Gunlinde, who also became abbesses. Saint Eugénie was revered for her holy life and wise government and was buried in the Chapel of Saint John the Baptist close to her aunt, thus sharing in the honor pilgrims paid to the patroness of Alsace. Few of her relics remained after the raids of the Swedes in the Thirty Years' War.
Adalbert concentrated his power in northern Alsace (the later Nordgau) around the Diocese of Strasbourg. He founded the convent of Saint Stephen at Strasbourg and installed his daughter Attala as its first abbess. In 722 he established a monastery in honor of Saint Michael the Archangel at Honau on an island in the Rhine north of Strasbourg. This last establishment was co-founded by a group of monks from Ireland led by the first abbot, Benedict. Honau passed to King Theuderic IV on Adalbert's death.
Adalbert's first wife was Gerlinda (perhaps of Aquitaine); his second wife was Ingina, a wealthy woman of Alsace, and she was the mother of his children. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Liutfried, who in turn made Adalbert's second son, Eberhard, a count as early as the 720's. His daughters Eugenia and Gundlinda both entered the nunnery of their aunt Odilia at Hohenburg, where Eugenia eventually succeeded as abbess. Gundlinda was later abbess of Niedermünster. In 845 the Emperor Lothair I confirmed all the charters which Adalbert had granted to his foundation at Strasbourg.
1. Leugarda of Alsace
2. Liutfried I, duke of Alsace married Edith de Elzas
3. Eberhard, Duke of Alsace had 1. Alberic 2. Eberhard II 3. Warin
4. Albéric, Count of Nordgau
5. Eugénie of Alsace, Saint
6. Attala of Alsace, Saint
7. Maso of Alsace
8, Gundlendis / Gerlinda of Alsace
9. Engilbert II, Graf von Altdorf
10. Richbald of Alsace married countess Ermengarde of Lucca had count Bonifacio de Lucca
The son of Adalrich and Berswinde, Adalbert was created Count of the Sundgua (a geographical territory in the southern Alsace region - Haut Rhin and Belfort - on the eastern edge of France) by his father ca. 683. It is not known if Adalbert appointed another count to succeed him after taking over the ducal office, exercised the comital powers himself, or left the office vacant. Under Adalbert, Etichonid control of the offices of the duchy of Alsace and of the monasteries of the region became entrenched.
Alsace was generally divided into a Nordgau and a Sundgau. These counties, as well as the monasteries of the duchy, were brought under tighter control of the dukes with the rise of the Etichonids. The last Etichonid duke, Liutfried, may have died fighting Theudebald on behalf of Pepin the Short. Among the descendants of the Etichonids, in the female line were Hugh of Tours and his family, including his daughter Ermengard, who was wife to Lothair I and mother to three Carolingian kings. In the 10th century the Etichonids remained powerful in Alsace as counts. "Alsace" comes from the Germanic ali-land-sat-ja, meaning "one who sits in another land." Alsace was Alemanni territory, but not so much as Alemannia proper, which was east of the Rhine: it was, however, the "other" land in which some Alemanni had settled. In the late Roman Empire, a district of Alsace (pagus Alsatiae) had been established in the region. Under Chlothar II, Alsace and Alemannia were granted their own law, the Pactus Alamannorum.
Saint Eugénie of Alsace 722 to ca. 735 succeeded her aunt, Saint Odilia, as abbess and had two sisters, Saint Attala (ca. 697–741) and Saint Gunlinde, who also became abbesses. Saint Eugénie was revered for her holy life and wise government and was buried in the Chapel of Saint John the Baptist close to her aunt, thus sharing in the honor pilgrims paid to the patroness of Alsace. Few of her relics remained after the raids of the Swedes in the Thirty Years' War.
Adalbert concentrated his power in northern Alsace (the later Nordgau) around the Diocese of Strasbourg. He founded the convent of Saint Stephen at Strasbourg and installed his daughter Attala as its first abbess. In 722 he established a monastery in honor of Saint Michael the Archangel at Honau on an island in the Rhine north of Strasbourg. This last establishment was co-founded by a group of monks from Ireland led by the first abbot, Benedict. Honau passed to King Theuderic IV on Adalbert's death.
Adalbert's first wife was Gerlinda (perhaps of Aquitaine); his second wife was Ingina, a wealthy woman of Alsace, and she was the mother of his children. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Liutfried, who in turn made Adalbert's second son, Eberhard, a count as early as the 720's. His daughters Eugenia and Gundlinda both entered the nunnery of their aunt Odilia at Hohenburg, where Eugenia eventually succeeded as abbess. Gundlinda was later abbess of Niedermünster. In 845 the Emperor Lothair I confirmed all the charters which Adalbert had granted to his foundation at Strasbourg.
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ADALRICH / ETICHO, DUKE OF ALSACE
BIRTH: ca. 645 DEATH: 689 MARRIED: ca. 670 WIFE: Berswinde, daughter of Saint Sigebert III, King of the Franks, son of Dagobert I and Ragnetrud, married Emnechilde, daughter of Bodilon of Trèves and Saint Sigrade of Verdun. CHILDREN: 1. Haicho, count of Alsace had Eberhard, count in Nordgau 2. Adalrich II / Eticho, count in Nordgau 3. Odilia, Abbess of Strasbourg (ca. 660-720) patron saint of the blind 4. Adalbert, count of Lower Alsace 5. Didon / Desiderius of Poitiers 6. Roswinda of Alsace |
Adalrich / Eticho, duke of Alsace and founder of the Etichonids, married Berswinde of Austrasia. When King Chlothar died in 673, his brother Theuderic III, claimed his kingdoms, but Adalrich and Saint Leodegar, were influential in having Childeric II chosen king of Neustria and Burgundy. In 675, Childeric II granted him honors in Alsace and the title of duke. After Childeric‘s assassination, Adalrich supported Dagobert II for the throne. Before 677, he abandoned Saint Leodegar for Ebroin, mayor of the palace of Neustria, who was an ally of Theuderic III. Later he took advantage of the murder of Hector of Provence in 679, and marched on Lyon and failed. This forced his return to Alsace where he found he had been dispossessed of his lands. By 683, with the backing of some allied counts, he was able to grant his comital office to his son Adalbert.
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Berswinde married Adalrich / Eticho under the reign of Childeric II (660-672) according to the chronicle of Ebersheim. Cardinal Pitra wrote that Berswinde was the sister of Sigrade, making her the aunt of Leodegar, son of Bodilon de Trèves and Saint Sigrade. Berswinde was actually the daughter of King Sigebert III, son of Dagobert I, king of the Franks, and his wife Emnechilde, the daughter of Bodilon and Sigrade. This made Berswinde the niece of Leodegar. Saint Leodegar was raised in the court of King Clotaire II, and was a reforming bishop of Autun in 663. He supported Childeric instead of Ebroin for the throne which angered many. Ebroin accused him of helping to plot the murder of Childeric II, and had him jailed and later executed. Ebroin also locked up Saint Sigrada in the monastery and persecuted her family. All of her goods were confiscated, and her son Guarin was stoned to death.
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Adalrich and Berswinde founded a convent at Bregille and an abbey for men at Beze, placing their children in both abbacies. By tradition, they struggled to have a child and when their prayers were answered, they prayed for a son. Adalrich was angered when he realized his child was not only female, but blind. He felt humiliated and ordered the child to be killed or left to die. He proclaimed she had given birth to a stillborn child. Berswinde’s nurse took the baby and nursed it as her own. About a year later, the child was given to the convent of Baume-les-Dames (Palma). At age of twelve, she was baptized by Saint Erhard and miraculously gained her sight and looked steadily at Erhard.
Adalrich and Berswinde had several children, and when their eldest son Hugh was grown, he found his sister and brought her home. Adalrich was so angry that he struck and killed him. Horrified at his violence, he accepted his daughter and did penance for his crime. Her beauty and her father's wealth attracted many rich suitors. A nun became a servant to Odilia and when her parents planned a marriage with a German duke, she fled and crossed the Rhine. In 686, Adalrich found her carrying meal in an earthen dish to make food for the poor. Since he had already begun to give alms and endowments for the good of his soul, he gave Odilia his castle of Hohenburg, with all its lands and revenues, that she might make it into a nunnery (modern Odilienburg / Mont St.-Odile). Saint Odilia is honored as a patron saint of the blind.
Adalrich and Berswinde had several children, and when their eldest son Hugh was grown, he found his sister and brought her home. Adalrich was so angry that he struck and killed him. Horrified at his violence, he accepted his daughter and did penance for his crime. Her beauty and her father's wealth attracted many rich suitors. A nun became a servant to Odilia and when her parents planned a marriage with a German duke, she fled and crossed the Rhine. In 686, Adalrich found her carrying meal in an earthen dish to make food for the poor. Since he had already begun to give alms and endowments for the good of his soul, he gave Odilia his castle of Hohenburg, with all its lands and revenues, that she might make it into a nunnery (modern Odilienburg / Mont St.-Odile). Saint Odilia is honored as a patron saint of the blind.
DUKES OF ALEMANNI
LEUTHARI II, DUKE OF ALEMANNI
BIRTH: ca. 600
DEATH: 675
CHILD: Adalrich / Eticho d'Alemanni
The Chronicle of Fredegar records that "Leuthari murdered Otto, the mayor of the palace of Austrasia in 643". By doing so, he made Grimoald I the mayor of the palace for Sigebert III, in the 10th year of the reign of King Sigebert.
UNCELIN, DUKE OF ALEMANNI
BIRTH: ca. 570
DEATH: 607
CHILD: Leuthari d'Alemanni
The Chronicle of Fredegar records, "Leudefredus Alamannorum dux" incited the wrath of Guntram King of the Franks, and that "Uncelenus dux" was appointed in his place, dated 587.
LEUTFRID, DUKE OF ALEMANNI
BIRTH: ca. 538
DEATH: 587
CHILD: Uncelin d'Alemanni
The Chronicle of Fredegar records, "Leudefredus Alamannorum dux" incited the wrath of Guntram King of the Franks. The chronicle begins with the creation of the world and ends in AD 642.
LEUTHARI I, DUKE OF ALEMANNI
BIRTH: ca. 500
DEATH: 554
CHILD: Leutfrid d'Alemanni
He was Bishop of Avranches from 536 to 554 on behalf of the Alemannic duke in the Diocese of Avranches. He was the brother of Butilin, and both were Alemannic dukes. Butilin and Leuthari are considered the first dukes of the Alemanni, by authority from the Frankish king Theudebald, but politically stood in its dependence. There is much discussion about if they were dukes by descent or if they achieved this position as a result of their service as Frankish army leaders. The two brothers were Alemannic per historian Agathias.
BIRTH: ca. 600
DEATH: 675
CHILD: Adalrich / Eticho d'Alemanni
The Chronicle of Fredegar records that "Leuthari murdered Otto, the mayor of the palace of Austrasia in 643". By doing so, he made Grimoald I the mayor of the palace for Sigebert III, in the 10th year of the reign of King Sigebert.
UNCELIN, DUKE OF ALEMANNI
BIRTH: ca. 570
DEATH: 607
CHILD: Leuthari d'Alemanni
The Chronicle of Fredegar records, "Leudefredus Alamannorum dux" incited the wrath of Guntram King of the Franks, and that "Uncelenus dux" was appointed in his place, dated 587.
LEUTFRID, DUKE OF ALEMANNI
BIRTH: ca. 538
DEATH: 587
CHILD: Uncelin d'Alemanni
The Chronicle of Fredegar records, "Leudefredus Alamannorum dux" incited the wrath of Guntram King of the Franks. The chronicle begins with the creation of the world and ends in AD 642.
LEUTHARI I, DUKE OF ALEMANNI
BIRTH: ca. 500
DEATH: 554
CHILD: Leutfrid d'Alemanni
He was Bishop of Avranches from 536 to 554 on behalf of the Alemannic duke in the Diocese of Avranches. He was the brother of Butilin, and both were Alemannic dukes. Butilin and Leuthari are considered the first dukes of the Alemanni, by authority from the Frankish king Theudebald, but politically stood in its dependence. There is much discussion about if they were dukes by descent or if they achieved this position as a result of their service as Frankish army leaders. The two brothers were Alemannic per historian Agathias.
ALEMANNIA / SUEVI TRIBE
The Alemanni were originally composed of fragments of several Germanic peoples, and remained a loosely knit confederation in the Suvei group. Alemannia was the territory inhabited by the Germanic Alemanni after they broke through the Roman limes in 213.
The Alemanni expanded from the Main basin during the 3rd century, raiding the Roman provinces and settling on the left bank of the Rhine from the 4th century. Ruled by independent tribal kings during the 4th to 5th centuries, Alemannia lost its independence and became a duchy of the Frankish Empire in the 6th century, and with the beginning formation of the Holy Roman Empire under Conrad I in 911 became the Duchy of Swabia. The term Swabia was often used interchangeably with Alemannia in the 10th to 13th centuries. The territory of Alemannia as it existed from the 7th to 9th centuries was centered on Lake Constance and included the High Rhine, the Black Forest and the Alsace on either side of the Upper Rhine, the upper Danube basin as far as the confluence with the Lech, with an unclear boundary towards Burgundy to the south-west in the Aare basin (the Aargau). Raetia Curiensis, although not part of Alemannia, was ruled by Alemannic counts, and became part of the Duchy of Swabia as it was established by Burchard I. The territory corresponds to what was still the areal of Alemannic German in the modern period, i.e. French Alsace, German Baden and Swabia, German-speaking Switzerland and Austrian Vorarlberg.
According to the Romans, the Alans (Alani), Suevi (Suebi) and Vandals, after being displaced by the Huns, crossed the Rhine on December 31, 405/406. Orosius cited the Suevi among the peoples traversing the Rhine in 406 and places them with the Quadi, Marcomanni, Vandals and Sarmatians. Other historians of the sixth century identified the Sueves of Glicia with the Alemanni, or simply Germans. The name Alemanni means 'all men' or 'men united'. Warrior-settlers and their descendants were referred to by the Germanic term faramanni - 'the fellow travellers' - free men united and dignified by the joint adventure of migration and conquest. Empires of Faith: The Fall of Rome to the Rise of Islam, 500-700, By Peter Sarris, p. 60. The AleFmanni were sometimes simply referred to as Suebi, and the region came to be known as Swabia - a name which survives to this day. People in this region of Germany are still called Schwaben, a name derived from the Suebi.
"The ancient Germans paid the highest honour to Woden, for he bestowed the greatest benefits on them. And truly nothing equalled the reverence with which the Semnones and other Suevian tribes approached the grove which was consecrated to their god Woden." Heroes of history and legend, [extr. and] tr. from [Charakterbilder and ... By August Wilhelm Grube, p. 4, 1882. The incoming Germanic tribes first clashed with the Roman army during the middle of the first century as these tribes were being pushed into Roman territory by the Huns, Avars, Slavs and Bulgars. As they were displaced, they engaged in continuous battles with the Romans. Two major battles in which they sustained great losses in 357 and 367, followed by the Roman invasion into Alemanni territory, forced them to seek a truce.
Part of the western Alans joined the Vandals and the Suebi in their invasion of Roman Gaul. Gregory of Tours mentions in his Liber historiae Francorum on the Franks, that the Alan king Respendial saved the day for the Vandals in an armed encounter with the Franks at the crossing of the Rhine on 31 Dec 406. According to Gregory, another group of Alans, led by Goar, crossed the Rhine at the same time, but immediately joined the Romans and settled in Gaul. Under Biorgor, king of the Alans, they infested Gallia round about, till the reign of Petronius Maximus and they passed the Alps in winter, and came into Liguria, but were there beaten, and Biorgor slain.
Goar (c385-c448) is mentioned in Gregory of Tour's description of the barbarian invasion across the Rhine on December 31, 406. The tribes taking part in this invasion were Goar's Alans, Alans led by Respendial, Godigisel's Asding Vandals, the Siling Vandals, and several groups of Suevi. Sangiban, Goar's successor, and the Alans of Orleans played a critical role in repelling the invasion of Attila the Hun at the Battle of Chalons. After the 5th century the Alans of Gaul were subsumed in the territorial struggles between the Franks and the Visigoths, and ceased to have an independent existence. Flavius Aëtius settled large numbers of Alans in various areas, many in and around Armorica. Some of the other Alans remained under the rule of the Huns. Those of the eastern division were forced by the Mongols into the Caucasus and are now known as Ossetians.
To protect the newly rebuilt Roman city of Cologne, Julian deprived the Franks of trade goods to force them to agree to a new treaty. The Franks signed the treaty and flourished, but it had the opposite effect on the Alemanni. Fighting with the Huns in 451, the Alemanni continued to suffer while the Franks were allied and protected by Rome. Clovis, the first king of the Franks, united them and expanded the boundaries of Gaul. Gregory of Tours relates how Clovis fought against the Alemanni and while hard-pressed in battle, he vowed to Christ that if successful he would abandon his gods and become a Christian. The Alemanni were defeated by Clovis in 496, at which time they were assimilated into Frankish culture residing in Gaul. They were ultimately absorbed by their Merovingian rivals, and despite a short period of independence, were also subject also to the Carolingian dynasty. At least one separate group of Alemanni remained in their former region under Frankish rule.
"The ancient Germans paid the highest honour to Woden, for he bestowed the greatest benefits on them. And truly nothing equalled the reverence with which the Semnones and other Suevian tribes approached the grove which was consecrated to their god Woden." Heroes of history and legend, [extr. and] tr. from [Charakterbilder and ... By August Wilhelm Grube, p. 4, 1882. The incoming Germanic tribes first clashed with the Roman army during the middle of the first century as these tribes were being pushed into Roman territory by the Huns, Avars, Slavs and Bulgars. As they were displaced, they engaged in continuous battles with the Romans. Two major battles in which they sustained great losses in 357 and 367, followed by the Roman invasion into Alemanni territory, forced them to seek a truce.
Part of the western Alans joined the Vandals and the Suebi in their invasion of Roman Gaul. Gregory of Tours mentions in his Liber historiae Francorum on the Franks, that the Alan king Respendial saved the day for the Vandals in an armed encounter with the Franks at the crossing of the Rhine on 31 Dec 406. According to Gregory, another group of Alans, led by Goar, crossed the Rhine at the same time, but immediately joined the Romans and settled in Gaul. Under Biorgor, king of the Alans, they infested Gallia round about, till the reign of Petronius Maximus and they passed the Alps in winter, and came into Liguria, but were there beaten, and Biorgor slain.
Goar (c385-c448) is mentioned in Gregory of Tour's description of the barbarian invasion across the Rhine on December 31, 406. The tribes taking part in this invasion were Goar's Alans, Alans led by Respendial, Godigisel's Asding Vandals, the Siling Vandals, and several groups of Suevi. Sangiban, Goar's successor, and the Alans of Orleans played a critical role in repelling the invasion of Attila the Hun at the Battle of Chalons. After the 5th century the Alans of Gaul were subsumed in the territorial struggles between the Franks and the Visigoths, and ceased to have an independent existence. Flavius Aëtius settled large numbers of Alans in various areas, many in and around Armorica. Some of the other Alans remained under the rule of the Huns. Those of the eastern division were forced by the Mongols into the Caucasus and are now known as Ossetians.
To protect the newly rebuilt Roman city of Cologne, Julian deprived the Franks of trade goods to force them to agree to a new treaty. The Franks signed the treaty and flourished, but it had the opposite effect on the Alemanni. Fighting with the Huns in 451, the Alemanni continued to suffer while the Franks were allied and protected by Rome. Clovis, the first king of the Franks, united them and expanded the boundaries of Gaul. Gregory of Tours relates how Clovis fought against the Alemanni and while hard-pressed in battle, he vowed to Christ that if successful he would abandon his gods and become a Christian. The Alemanni were defeated by Clovis in 496, at which time they were assimilated into Frankish culture residing in Gaul. They were ultimately absorbed by their Merovingian rivals, and despite a short period of independence, were also subject also to the Carolingian dynasty. At least one separate group of Alemanni remained in their former region under Frankish rule.
SUMERIAN-SARMATIAN-SCYTHIAN TRIBES
A 4,000 year-old Sumerian inscription by Lu-dingir-Ra states, "We migrated to where we are living now thousands of years ago, but they were unable to write down from where because they did not know how to write then. Later on inquisitive scribes and archivists in the royal palace studied the orally transmitted information in an attempt to find out about the past. Our people came to this land from a mountainous country to the northeast. But it is also said that some of them had come via sea from a land called Dilmun in the east. And the reason behind this migration is said to be the onset of an unexplained drought in their warm and rainy country. Great Enlil had some of us 'darkheads' settled here ... According to rumours and the results of my research as to why we have called ourselves 'darkheads' I found out that before our forefathers migrated here, blonde haired and blue-eyed people were living next to their country. I cannot visualise a person with blonde hair and blue eyes. And I don't think it would be nice. I have not seen any person like that in my country". It’s estimated the scribe Lu-dingir-Ra wrote his text around 2,550 BCE, and Sargon I (2,234-2,279 BCE) overtook Sumeria around 2,265 BCE, ending the Sumerian civilization.
Using the Sumerian Lu-dingri-Ra’s information, one can surmise that after being in Aratta-Ukraine for over 20,000 years, the proto-Sumerians removed from that area ca. 6,000 BCE to Sumer. Once in Sumer, they easily overtook and absorbed the Ubaidian civilization and built what became the Sumerian city-states. It’s estimated that the scribe Lu-dingir-Ra wrote his text ca. 2550 BCE, and Sargon I (2234-2279 BCE) overtook Sumeria ca. 2265 BCE, bringing an end to the Sumerian civilization. This Sumerian text places the blonde-haired blue-eyed Sarmatian tribes living next to them prior to the Sumerians leaving Aratta. The next we hear about the Sarmatians, is in Assyrian documents that place their appearance "[between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea] in the time of Sargon I (died 2279 BC), which closely corresponds with that of the establishment of the first group of Scythians in southern Russia” (Rice, pp. 19-20, 44).
The Sumerians-Sarmatian-Scythian maps show the Sumerians removed from the Black Sea area due to the war-like Scythians, and not because of uninhabitable weather as Sumerian Lu-dingir-Ra surmised. These maps show the Scythians and Sarmatians continued to live in the same area of the Black Sea long after the removal of the Sumerians. It appears the Sumerians left the area of the Black Sea roughly 6,000 years ago and upon arriving in Mesopotamia, naming their new home Sumer, located along the floodplains between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Iraq and Syria. It also appears the pre-Suevi /pre-Alemanni were under the protection of the Scythian’s and both were able to peacefully co-exist along side the Sarmatians.
After years of living together peacefully, the Sarmatians were subjugated by the Scythians, began speaking Scythian, and were referred to as Scythians-Sarmatians. They fought with the Scythians on the Pontic steppe to the north of the Black Sea, won and dominated these territories over the next five centuries. Pliny the Elder wrote that they ranged from the Vistula River, (present day Poland) to the Danube. In 2700 BCE, the Sarmatian tribes, of which the chief were the Siraci and Aorsi (Alani), appeared on the steppes between the Caspian and the Tanais, (the River Don), as Strabo describes. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and ... By A. H. Dani and others, p. 466.
The Scythians of the steppe are known for their women fighting alongside them during battles, both male and female had amazing accurate marksmanship while riding horseback. Herodotus tells us the Scythians (Sacae) were fierce warriors who migrated from Central Asia to the northern shores of the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. Archaeological evidence suggests that Scythian-Sarmatian cultures may have given rise to the Greek legends of Amazons. Graves of armed females have been found in southern Ukraine and Russia. David Anthony notes, "About 20% of Scythian-Sarmatian "warrior graves" on the lower Don and lower Volga contained females dressed for battle as if they were men, a phenomenon that probably inspired the Greek tales about the Amazons." Although the Sarmatian were not Scythian and vice-versa, they were often compounded as being a single tribe of Scythians.
According to Herodotus (4.110-117) the story of the Sauromatians' origin comes from an unfortunate marriage of a band of young Scythian men and a group of Amazons. In the story, some Amazons were captured in battle by Greeks in Pontus (northern Turkey) near the river Thermodon, and the captives were loaded into three boats. They overcame their captors while at sea, but were not able sailors. Their ships were blown north to the Maeotian Lake (the Sea of Azov) onto the shore of Scythia near the cliff region (today's southeastern Crimea). After encountering the Scythians and learning the Scythian language, they agreed to marry Scythian men, but only on the condition that they move away and not be required to follow the customs of Scythian women. According to Herodotus, the descendants of this band settled toward the northeast beyond the Tanais (Don) river and became the Sauromatians. Herodotus' account explains the origins of the Sarmatians' language as an "impure" form of Scythian and credits the unusual freedoms of Sauromatae women, including participation in warfare, as an inheritance from their supposed Amazon ancestors. Later writers refer to the "woman-ruled Sarmatae". However, Herodotus' belief that the Sarmatians were descendants of mythological Amazons is very likely a fictional invention designed to explain certain idiosyncrasies of Sarmatian culture. Herodotus (Histories 4.21) in the fifth century BC placed the land of the Sarmatians east of the Tanais, beginning at the corner of the Maeotian Lake, stretching northwards for 15 days' journey, adjacent to the forested land of the Budinoi. Herodotus describes the Sarmatians' physical appearance as blonde, stout and tanned, pretty much as the Scythians and Thracians were seen by the other classical authors.
Sarmatians and Sumerians likely shared the feature of blue eyes, based on their figurines with blue eyes and that they considered having blue eyes a god-like quality, but they differed in other aspects. Sarmatians spoke an Indo-European language from Eastern Iran while the Sumerians spoke a language with no visible relationship to other languages. They differ in hair color (dark hair vs. light hair) and facial appearance. Marcellinus tells us, "Sarmatians distinguish six fair-haired, blue-eyed Nomadic races inhabiting principally the more western regions of the great table-land of central Asia." Eventually the Sarmatians grew to become a large confederation of tribes during classical antiquity. These tribes consisted of the Alans, Aorsi, Iazyges, Roxolani and Siraces and possibly others as yet unnamed. The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors, By Christoph Baumer, p. 16.
Sarmatians kept their hair tight in a topknot on their heads. Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe, By Ion Grumeza, p. 59, 2009. Their descendants the Suevi (Suevi) each bore a very distinctive topknot in their hair, offset slightly from the crown. Seditio, By Mike C. Bishop, 2012. Tacitus tells us it was the "custom of the Suebi of eastern Germany to wear their hair in a knot on the top of the head" and "these Suebi all dwelt in the basin of the Elbe." The basin of the Elbe spans four countries with the largest being Germany.
Using the Sumerian Lu-dingri-Ra’s information, one can surmise that after being in Aratta-Ukraine for over 20,000 years, the proto-Sumerians removed from that area ca. 6,000 BCE to Sumer. Once in Sumer, they easily overtook and absorbed the Ubaidian civilization and built what became the Sumerian city-states. It’s estimated that the scribe Lu-dingir-Ra wrote his text ca. 2550 BCE, and Sargon I (2234-2279 BCE) overtook Sumeria ca. 2265 BCE, bringing an end to the Sumerian civilization. This Sumerian text places the blonde-haired blue-eyed Sarmatian tribes living next to them prior to the Sumerians leaving Aratta. The next we hear about the Sarmatians, is in Assyrian documents that place their appearance "[between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea] in the time of Sargon I (died 2279 BC), which closely corresponds with that of the establishment of the first group of Scythians in southern Russia” (Rice, pp. 19-20, 44).
The Sumerians-Sarmatian-Scythian maps show the Sumerians removed from the Black Sea area due to the war-like Scythians, and not because of uninhabitable weather as Sumerian Lu-dingir-Ra surmised. These maps show the Scythians and Sarmatians continued to live in the same area of the Black Sea long after the removal of the Sumerians. It appears the Sumerians left the area of the Black Sea roughly 6,000 years ago and upon arriving in Mesopotamia, naming their new home Sumer, located along the floodplains between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Iraq and Syria. It also appears the pre-Suevi /pre-Alemanni were under the protection of the Scythian’s and both were able to peacefully co-exist along side the Sarmatians.
After years of living together peacefully, the Sarmatians were subjugated by the Scythians, began speaking Scythian, and were referred to as Scythians-Sarmatians. They fought with the Scythians on the Pontic steppe to the north of the Black Sea, won and dominated these territories over the next five centuries. Pliny the Elder wrote that they ranged from the Vistula River, (present day Poland) to the Danube. In 2700 BCE, the Sarmatian tribes, of which the chief were the Siraci and Aorsi (Alani), appeared on the steppes between the Caspian and the Tanais, (the River Don), as Strabo describes. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and ... By A. H. Dani and others, p. 466.
The Scythians of the steppe are known for their women fighting alongside them during battles, both male and female had amazing accurate marksmanship while riding horseback. Herodotus tells us the Scythians (Sacae) were fierce warriors who migrated from Central Asia to the northern shores of the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. Archaeological evidence suggests that Scythian-Sarmatian cultures may have given rise to the Greek legends of Amazons. Graves of armed females have been found in southern Ukraine and Russia. David Anthony notes, "About 20% of Scythian-Sarmatian "warrior graves" on the lower Don and lower Volga contained females dressed for battle as if they were men, a phenomenon that probably inspired the Greek tales about the Amazons." Although the Sarmatian were not Scythian and vice-versa, they were often compounded as being a single tribe of Scythians.
According to Herodotus (4.110-117) the story of the Sauromatians' origin comes from an unfortunate marriage of a band of young Scythian men and a group of Amazons. In the story, some Amazons were captured in battle by Greeks in Pontus (northern Turkey) near the river Thermodon, and the captives were loaded into three boats. They overcame their captors while at sea, but were not able sailors. Their ships were blown north to the Maeotian Lake (the Sea of Azov) onto the shore of Scythia near the cliff region (today's southeastern Crimea). After encountering the Scythians and learning the Scythian language, they agreed to marry Scythian men, but only on the condition that they move away and not be required to follow the customs of Scythian women. According to Herodotus, the descendants of this band settled toward the northeast beyond the Tanais (Don) river and became the Sauromatians. Herodotus' account explains the origins of the Sarmatians' language as an "impure" form of Scythian and credits the unusual freedoms of Sauromatae women, including participation in warfare, as an inheritance from their supposed Amazon ancestors. Later writers refer to the "woman-ruled Sarmatae". However, Herodotus' belief that the Sarmatians were descendants of mythological Amazons is very likely a fictional invention designed to explain certain idiosyncrasies of Sarmatian culture. Herodotus (Histories 4.21) in the fifth century BC placed the land of the Sarmatians east of the Tanais, beginning at the corner of the Maeotian Lake, stretching northwards for 15 days' journey, adjacent to the forested land of the Budinoi. Herodotus describes the Sarmatians' physical appearance as blonde, stout and tanned, pretty much as the Scythians and Thracians were seen by the other classical authors.
Sarmatians and Sumerians likely shared the feature of blue eyes, based on their figurines with blue eyes and that they considered having blue eyes a god-like quality, but they differed in other aspects. Sarmatians spoke an Indo-European language from Eastern Iran while the Sumerians spoke a language with no visible relationship to other languages. They differ in hair color (dark hair vs. light hair) and facial appearance. Marcellinus tells us, "Sarmatians distinguish six fair-haired, blue-eyed Nomadic races inhabiting principally the more western regions of the great table-land of central Asia." Eventually the Sarmatians grew to become a large confederation of tribes during classical antiquity. These tribes consisted of the Alans, Aorsi, Iazyges, Roxolani and Siraces and possibly others as yet unnamed. The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors, By Christoph Baumer, p. 16.
Sarmatians kept their hair tight in a topknot on their heads. Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe, By Ion Grumeza, p. 59, 2009. Their descendants the Suevi (Suevi) each bore a very distinctive topknot in their hair, offset slightly from the crown. Seditio, By Mike C. Bishop, 2012. Tacitus tells us it was the "custom of the Suebi of eastern Germany to wear their hair in a knot on the top of the head" and "these Suebi all dwelt in the basin of the Elbe." The basin of the Elbe spans four countries with the largest being Germany.
Strabo in the 1st century, named as the main tribes of the Sarmatians, the Iazges, the Roxolani, the Aorsi (Alani) and the Siraces. Roman historian Marcellinus backs this by saying, "Nearly all the Alani are men of great stature and beauty, their hair is somewhat yellow, their eyes are frighteningly fierce."
The ceramics of the Iranian Saka and Sauromatian cultures preserve the traditions of Andronovo pottery leading us to regard the Iranian Sauromatian-Sarmatians and Saka as descendants of the Andronovans. The Origin of the Indo-Iranians, By Elena Efimovna Kuzʹmina, p. vi. K. F. Smirnov (1984) hypothesized that the Sauromatian culture developed from the Timber-Grave Culture.
The timber-grave culture, was a Late Bronze Age (18th–12th centuries BC) culture in the eastern part of Pontic-Caspian steppe located in the Volga River region and the Andronovo Culture is a collection of similar local Bronze Age cultures that flourished c. 2000–900 BC in western Siberia and the west Asiatic and the southern Ural steppes. Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, By Jeannine Davis-Kimball and others, p. 102.
The ceramics of the Iranian Saka and Sauromatian cultures preserve the traditions of Andronovo pottery leading us to regard the Iranian Sauromatian-Sarmatians and Saka as descendants of the Andronovans. The Origin of the Indo-Iranians, By Elena Efimovna Kuzʹmina, p. vi. K. F. Smirnov (1984) hypothesized that the Sauromatian culture developed from the Timber-Grave Culture.
The timber-grave culture, was a Late Bronze Age (18th–12th centuries BC) culture in the eastern part of Pontic-Caspian steppe located in the Volga River region and the Andronovo Culture is a collection of similar local Bronze Age cultures that flourished c. 2000–900 BC in western Siberia and the west Asiatic and the southern Ural steppes. Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, By Jeannine Davis-Kimball and others, p. 102.
The area between the Don and Dniester Rivers (and later the Danube), was the one most densely settled by R1b people, with only a minority of R1a people (5-10%). Eupedia, Haplogroup R1b, by Maciamo Hay, June 2017. The Ware branch of R-M269 is defined as R1b1a1a2. The only population with a significant amount of R1b* is the Kurds of southeastern Kazakhstan with 13%. Origin of the Kurds, the land of Karda, is written on a Sumerian clay-tablet dated to the 3rd millennium BC. This was the land of the Su people who lived in the southern regions of Lake Van. The people of Su were the Subartu (Hurrians and Subars) who lived predominantly in northern Mesopotamia, but in very ancient times also in southern Mesopotamia. Antiquity, Vol. 14, By Osbert Guy Sanhope Crawford, p. 328.
The Osterby Man, found in the bog in Osterby, Germany was dated to the Roman Era 75-130 AD. The Roman historian Tacitus described the Gauls and the Germanics as physically resembling each other. Their long locks twisted into a 'Suebian' war-knot upon the top of their head. They were men of vast frames, muscular, white skinned, blue eyes and fair (blonde) hair which they took great care of ... rendered still more bright (red) by a peculiar kind of soap.
A recent Bavarian archaeological dig revealed numerous ancient graves and thus far DNA analysis of six adult males, buried together in a wooden chamber, produced 24 markers. Of the six tested, four were found to be haplogroup R1b, and two were G2a. Ironically, my research has traced my Hall direct line male ancestor (G2a) to the same area as my Ware direct line male ancestor (R1b) in the areas of Belgium and Bavaria. The detailed chart below, entitled Ancestors of Ralph de Gaul, Earl of Hereford, shows they frequently intermarried. Following the disintegration of the Thuringian polity in 534, Merovingian kings established a Bavarian duchy centered on Regensburg and appointed members of this group (immediately family members) to govern.
The Osterby Man, found in the bog in Osterby, Germany was dated to the Roman Era 75-130 AD. The Roman historian Tacitus described the Gauls and the Germanics as physically resembling each other. Their long locks twisted into a 'Suebian' war-knot upon the top of their head. They were men of vast frames, muscular, white skinned, blue eyes and fair (blonde) hair which they took great care of ... rendered still more bright (red) by a peculiar kind of soap.
A recent Bavarian archaeological dig revealed numerous ancient graves and thus far DNA analysis of six adult males, buried together in a wooden chamber, produced 24 markers. Of the six tested, four were found to be haplogroup R1b, and two were G2a. Ironically, my research has traced my Hall direct line male ancestor (G2a) to the same area as my Ware direct line male ancestor (R1b) in the areas of Belgium and Bavaria. The detailed chart below, entitled Ancestors of Ralph de Gaul, Earl of Hereford, shows they frequently intermarried. Following the disintegration of the Thuringian polity in 534, Merovingian kings established a Bavarian duchy centered on Regensburg and appointed members of this group (immediately family members) to govern.
Researchers from Copenhagen University reported that blue eyes originated among people who lived north of the black sea prior to 10,000 years ago from a single mutation. “A genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ‘switch’ which literally ‘turned off’ the ability to produce brown eyes", Eiberg said, These Proto-Indo-Europeans are often referred to as Aryans. “From this we can conclude that all blue-eyed individuals are linked to the same ancestor.” Source: Dr. Hans Eiberg, Journal of Human Genetics, Pub. 1/3/2008. Core samples from the Black Sea indicate it was a freshwater lake 8,890 - 8,450 years ago and was about 400 feet lower than the current level. About this time the Bosphorus, a strait that forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia, failed to hold back rising water from melting glaciers, and salt water broke through causing massive flooding around the Black Sea. The resulting flood forced families to flee to the area of Mount Ararat and Lake Van. Some members of this same tribe continued on to the area of what would become Egypt. Noah’s Flood, By William Ryan and Walter Pitman, of the Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, NY.
If we place the Proto-Indo-European homeland of the fifth to fourth millennia B.C. within eastern Anatolia, the southern Caucasus, and northern Mesopotamia it becomes easier to explain the historical territories and migration routes of the major early Indo-European ethnic groups who first appear in ancient written documents: the Hittites and Luwians, the Indo-Iranians, the Greeks (the Cretans and Myceneans, and the Ahhiyawa of Hittite sources). On this account there is no need to assume that these people had covered vast distances in moving from their original territories; only small displacements need be posited. It is important that these dialects, which are the least removed from the Near Eastern homeland, are the earliest Indo-European dialects to be recorded in written documents. Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical ... By Thomas V. Gamkrelidze, Vjaceslav V. Ivanov, p. 791.
Theodore Poesche, an anthropologist, located remains of ancient people with blonde-hair and blue-eyes in Belarus and Ukraine and places the origin of Aryans in the Rokitno Marshes. It was initially in the Russian Empire, but now in much of southern Belarus and north-west Ukraine. This helps to confirm the Sumerian scribe Lu-dingir-Ra who wrote: We came here thousands of years ago from a mountainous area to the northeast due to drought in a once warm and rainy country. Some came by sea from a land called Dilmun in the east. Great Enlil settled us here and we called ourselves darkheads because our ancestors lived next to blonde-haired, blue-eyed people, which I cannot even visualise.
Dilmun, as well as a second named place called Aratta, is slightly southeast of Sumer. Aratta-Ukraine was northwest of Sumer encompassing the Romanian Carpathian Mountains outside of Moldova. Therefore, one can surmise that Lu-dingir-Ra was aware of their trading partner Dilmun as well as the second Aratta next to Dilmun and he was not aware of Aratta presently in Ukraine. The epic of Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta tells of the voyage by river to Aratta, a mountainous, mineral rich country up-river from Sumer which would have been in an opposite direction to the Aratta near Dilmun.
The Sumerians arrived in Mesopotamia and conquered the Ubaidians living there. They are referred to as Ubaidians because of the village of Al-Ubaid where their remains were found. Ubaidians had a large thriving settlement for thousands of years before the arrival of the Sumerians. The area soon after acquired the name Sumer and development of the Sumerian City-States. The Ubaidian culture is considered to be the earliest to have mastered irrigation, while the Sumerians were one of the first to develop a system of writing called cuneiform, (an etching onto clay tablets and fired in kilns).
The history of the ancient Near East begins with the rise of Sumer, and covers the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in the region, until it ends at the hands of the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire and the Muslim conquests in the 7th century A.D. Besides the creation of the first writing system, it also wrote law codes, early advances that laid the foundations of astronomy and mathematics, and the invention of the wheel. During the period, states became increasingly large, until the region became controlled by militaristic empires that had conquered a number of different cultures.
Sumerian religion was based around the worship of four life giving deities, "the god of heaven, the goddess of earth, the god of air and the god of water.” And, priests and priestesses dressed as bee's to worship the divine Bee Goddess. Source: March of the Titans, A History of the White Race, By Arthur Kemp, p. 48. There were six major Sumerian city-states: Eridu, Ur, Nippur, Lagash and Kish and Uruk. As their populations grew, these cities were often at war with each other over irrigated land to grow their crops. Each had a priest-king as their ruler and consisted of a thriving trading hub that boasted six miles of defensive walls and housed up to 80,000 individuals.
The peace and prosperity of the Sumerian city-states ended when they were conqueror by Sargon I (died 2279 BC) who marched his army through the region and conquered the city-states one by one and created the Akkadian empire. Akkadian over time replaced Sumerian as a spoken language, but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the first century AD. Sumerian language - Wikipedia.
The history of the ancient Near East begins with the rise of Sumer, and covers the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in the region, until it ends at the hands of the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire and the Muslim conquests in the 7th century A.D. Besides the creation of the first writing system, it also wrote law codes, early advances that laid the foundations of astronomy and mathematics, and the invention of the wheel. During the period, states became increasingly large, until the region became controlled by militaristic empires that had conquered a number of different cultures.
Sumerian religion was based around the worship of four life giving deities, "the god of heaven, the goddess of earth, the god of air and the god of water.” And, priests and priestesses dressed as bee's to worship the divine Bee Goddess. Source: March of the Titans, A History of the White Race, By Arthur Kemp, p. 48. There were six major Sumerian city-states: Eridu, Ur, Nippur, Lagash and Kish and Uruk. As their populations grew, these cities were often at war with each other over irrigated land to grow their crops. Each had a priest-king as their ruler and consisted of a thriving trading hub that boasted six miles of defensive walls and housed up to 80,000 individuals.
The peace and prosperity of the Sumerian city-states ended when they were conqueror by Sargon I (died 2279 BC) who marched his army through the region and conquered the city-states one by one and created the Akkadian empire. Akkadian over time replaced Sumerian as a spoken language, but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the first century AD. Sumerian language - Wikipedia.
EGYPT
Plato himself dated the origin of the Egyptians to eight or ten thousand years before his time, it would have been a simple deduction to place Atlantis (i.e. Tantalis) a thousand years even earlier. Plato's dialogues claim to quote Solon, who visited Egypt between 590 and 580 BC; they state that he translated Egyptian records of Atlantis.
The Egyptian civilization is thought to have started around 5500 BCE as two major kingdoms developed along the Nile. Historians call them Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Around 3200 BCE, Egypt was brought together under one ruler—King Narmer (sometimes called Menes). A number of scientists have theorized that the Minoan civilization on Crete was Atlantis, and what Egyptian priests described to Solon was a devastating volcanic eruption in 1470 BC that destroyed several Mediterranean islands.
The Troano Codex in the National Archaeological Museum of Madrid — one of the few Mayan manuscripts that survived de Landa’s burning and one which nobody but a few gifted pseudoscientific Atlantists can read—and from some pictures on the walls of Chichen-Itza, Le Plongeon built a romantic tale. It concerned the rivalry of the princes Coh and Aac for the hand of their sister Móo, queen of Atlantis or Mu. Coh won, but was murdered by Aac; and then the continent sank and Móo fled to Egypt where, as Isis, she founded the Egyptian civilization.
ARATTA-UKRAINE
Yuri Shilov, Ukrainian Academy of Science, states the origin of the Aratta-Ukraine civilization dates as far back as the 20th millennium BCE, and became a well-organized society prior to Sumeria and Egypt. The huge sandstone slab “Stone Library” of the scribes in Kamyana Mohyl, enclosed 60 grottos, and used Palaeolithic petroglyphs showing the cultural origins of Man's earliest myths, with proto-Sumerian, proto-cuneiform characters, and are the oldest known sanctuary-observatory in the world. This was a rich petroglyphic library of their law codes, deities, culture and histories. Dr. Mykhailo Videiko of the Kyiv Institute of Archaeology describes finding a Cucuteni - Trypillian culture village that was a settlement consisting of a large temple, human-like figurines and animal remains. Live Science reports it once covered 588 acres with more than 1,200 buildings and 50 streets. The culture extended from the Carpathian Mountains to the Dniester and Dnieper region, centered on Moldova, covering parts of western Ukraine and northeastern Romania. Haplogroup G2 is 10% and haplogroup R-M269 is 14.6% of the population here. These Trypillian builders were described as peaceful farmers and artisans with a culture similar to that described in Plato's dialogues, the "Timaeus" and the "Critias," written ca. 330 BC about Atlantis. They built circular cities, worshiped the bull, had red, white and black art motifs, built astronomical observatories and had hieroglyphic writing. It was described in the Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, as a fabulously wealthy place full of gold, silver, lapis lazuli and other precious materials with many talented artisans to craft them.
Dr. Mykhailo Videiko of the Kyiv Institute of Archaeology describes finding a Cucuteni-Trypillian culture village that was a settlement consisting of a large temple, human-like figurines and animal remains. Live Science reports the town once covered 588 acres with more than 1,200 buildings and 50 streets. The culture extended from the Carpathian Mountains to the Dniester and Dnieper region, centered on Moldova, covering parts of western Ukraine and northeastern Romania. Currently haplogroup G2 is 10% and R-M269 is 14.6% of the population here. These Trypillian builders were described as peaceful farmers and artisans with a culture similar to that described in Plato's dialogues, the "Timaeus" and the "Critias," written ca. 330 BC about Atlantis. They built circular cities, worshiped the bull, had red, white and black art motifs, built astronomical observatories and had hieroglyphic writing. It was described in the Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, as a fabulously wealthy place full of gold, silver, lapis lazuli and other precious materials with many talented artisans to craft them.
The Egyptian civilization is thought to have started around 5500 BCE as two major kingdoms developed along the Nile. Historians call them Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Around 3200 BCE, Egypt was brought together under one ruler—King Narmer (sometimes called Menes). A number of scientists have theorized that the Minoan civilization on Crete was Atlantis, and what Egyptian priests described to Solon was a devastating volcanic eruption in 1470 BC that destroyed several Mediterranean islands.
The Troano Codex in the National Archaeological Museum of Madrid — one of the few Mayan manuscripts that survived de Landa’s burning and one which nobody but a few gifted pseudoscientific Atlantists can read—and from some pictures on the walls of Chichen-Itza, Le Plongeon built a romantic tale. It concerned the rivalry of the princes Coh and Aac for the hand of their sister Móo, queen of Atlantis or Mu. Coh won, but was murdered by Aac; and then the continent sank and Móo fled to Egypt where, as Isis, she founded the Egyptian civilization.
ARATTA-UKRAINE
Yuri Shilov, Ukrainian Academy of Science, states the origin of the Aratta-Ukraine civilization dates as far back as the 20th millennium BCE, and became a well-organized society prior to Sumeria and Egypt. The huge sandstone slab “Stone Library” of the scribes in Kamyana Mohyl, enclosed 60 grottos, and used Palaeolithic petroglyphs showing the cultural origins of Man's earliest myths, with proto-Sumerian, proto-cuneiform characters, and are the oldest known sanctuary-observatory in the world. This was a rich petroglyphic library of their law codes, deities, culture and histories. Dr. Mykhailo Videiko of the Kyiv Institute of Archaeology describes finding a Cucuteni - Trypillian culture village that was a settlement consisting of a large temple, human-like figurines and animal remains. Live Science reports it once covered 588 acres with more than 1,200 buildings and 50 streets. The culture extended from the Carpathian Mountains to the Dniester and Dnieper region, centered on Moldova, covering parts of western Ukraine and northeastern Romania. Haplogroup G2 is 10% and haplogroup R-M269 is 14.6% of the population here. These Trypillian builders were described as peaceful farmers and artisans with a culture similar to that described in Plato's dialogues, the "Timaeus" and the "Critias," written ca. 330 BC about Atlantis. They built circular cities, worshiped the bull, had red, white and black art motifs, built astronomical observatories and had hieroglyphic writing. It was described in the Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, as a fabulously wealthy place full of gold, silver, lapis lazuli and other precious materials with many talented artisans to craft them.
Dr. Mykhailo Videiko of the Kyiv Institute of Archaeology describes finding a Cucuteni-Trypillian culture village that was a settlement consisting of a large temple, human-like figurines and animal remains. Live Science reports the town once covered 588 acres with more than 1,200 buildings and 50 streets. The culture extended from the Carpathian Mountains to the Dniester and Dnieper region, centered on Moldova, covering parts of western Ukraine and northeastern Romania. Currently haplogroup G2 is 10% and R-M269 is 14.6% of the population here. These Trypillian builders were described as peaceful farmers and artisans with a culture similar to that described in Plato's dialogues, the "Timaeus" and the "Critias," written ca. 330 BC about Atlantis. They built circular cities, worshiped the bull, had red, white and black art motifs, built astronomical observatories and had hieroglyphic writing. It was described in the Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, as a fabulously wealthy place full of gold, silver, lapis lazuli and other precious materials with many talented artisans to craft them.
THE STORY OF ATLANTIS - FACT OR FICTION
ZEUS, KING OF THE GODS, HE WAS THE GOD OF THE SKY, LIGHTNING AND THUNDER
Zeus was the most powerful of the Greek gods and had a number of powers. His most famous power is the ability to throw lightning bolts. His winged horse Pegasus carried his lightning bolts and he trained an eagle to retrieve them. He could also control the weather causing rain and huge storms. Zeus also had other powers. He could mimic people's voices to sound like anyone. He could also shape shift so that he looked like an animal or a person. If people made him angry, sometimes he would turn them into animals as punishment.
The foundation of Atlantis, originally called Poseidia or Poseidonis was created and ruled by Poseidon, a Greek deity of Greek known to rule over the oceanic domain. Poseidon fell in love with Clymene and they had five sets of male twins. The eldest of the first set was named Atlas and became the first Atlantean King.
Poseidon created Atlantis to have alternate zones of land and sea, two of land and three of water, in a rotund shape around the heart of Atlantis. Then he brought forth two different springs of water, one of cold and the other of heat from the hill in the center. This allowed all sorts of animals and plants to thrive in Atlantis, providing a wide variety of food sources for the Atlanteans. The emphasis of the wild abundance of Atlantis points out the wealth of the people, for they could derive almost all that they needed from the earth and sea.
The foundation of Atlantis, originally called Poseidia or Poseidonis was created and ruled by Poseidon, a Greek deity of Greek known to rule over the oceanic domain. Poseidon fell in love with Clymene and they had five sets of male twins. The eldest of the first set was named Atlas and became the first Atlantean King.
Poseidon created Atlantis to have alternate zones of land and sea, two of land and three of water, in a rotund shape around the heart of Atlantis. Then he brought forth two different springs of water, one of cold and the other of heat from the hill in the center. This allowed all sorts of animals and plants to thrive in Atlantis, providing a wide variety of food sources for the Atlanteans. The emphasis of the wild abundance of Atlantis points out the wealth of the people, for they could derive almost all that they needed from the earth and sea.
DIONYSUS, GOD OF FERTILITY, WINE, WINE MAKING, GRAPE CULTIVATION,
RITUAL MADNESS, THEATER AND RELIGIOUS ECSTASY
RITUAL MADNESS, THEATER AND RELIGIOUS ECSTASY
Atlantis was an island continent that lay westward beyond the Pillars of Heracles (the Straits of Gibraltar). It was ruled by a coalition of kings descended from the sea god Poseidon. The chief king was descended from Poseidon's oldest son, Atlas, who gave his name both to the island and the surrounding Atlantic Ocean. ... The island was a paradise blessed with every natural resource; plenty of fresh water, an abundance of metal ores, luxuriant vegetation producing everything from food to perfumes, and herds of animals including elephants. Anything the island might lack was drawn from its overseas empire. As a result, the kings of Atlantis "had such an amount of wealth as was never before possessed by kings and potentates and is not likely ever to be seen again."
Each of the kings had his own royal city, but the grandest, the capital of Atlantis, was the royal metropolis ruled over by the descendants of Atlas. Poseidon himself had founded it, carving out a series of concentric rings of water to surround and protect the site. Successive kings embellished the city, digging a great subterranean channel through the rings of land to join the circular canals and connect them to the nearby sea. They built huge bridges over the canals and defensive walls around each of the rings of land, encasing them in metal: the outermost glittered with bronze, the next with tin, and the innermost with orichalcum, and unknown metal "which sparkled like fire." In the outer sections of the city they built a harbor, warehouses, barracks, racetracks, groves, and temples, and on the central island a palace complex that was a wonderland. The main temple (to Poseidon and his wife, the nymph Cleito / Asia) was coated with silver and pinnacles of gold; its roof was made of solid ivory decorated with precious metals. It was three times the size of the Parthenon in Athens. Inside were images of the first kings and queens of Atlantis and a solid gold statue of Poseidon, which nearly touched the roof, itself some 300 feet high. (For comparison, New York's Statue of Liberty is 151 feet high, standing on a 155-foot pedestal.) Source: Ancient Mysteries, By Peter James and Nick Thorpe, 1999.
Each of the kings had his own royal city, but the grandest, the capital of Atlantis, was the royal metropolis ruled over by the descendants of Atlas. Poseidon himself had founded it, carving out a series of concentric rings of water to surround and protect the site. Successive kings embellished the city, digging a great subterranean channel through the rings of land to join the circular canals and connect them to the nearby sea. They built huge bridges over the canals and defensive walls around each of the rings of land, encasing them in metal: the outermost glittered with bronze, the next with tin, and the innermost with orichalcum, and unknown metal "which sparkled like fire." In the outer sections of the city they built a harbor, warehouses, barracks, racetracks, groves, and temples, and on the central island a palace complex that was a wonderland. The main temple (to Poseidon and his wife, the nymph Cleito / Asia) was coated with silver and pinnacles of gold; its roof was made of solid ivory decorated with precious metals. It was three times the size of the Parthenon in Athens. Inside were images of the first kings and queens of Atlantis and a solid gold statue of Poseidon, which nearly touched the roof, itself some 300 feet high. (For comparison, New York's Statue of Liberty is 151 feet high, standing on a 155-foot pedestal.) Source: Ancient Mysteries, By Peter James and Nick Thorpe, 1999.
A ROMAN ERA MAP OF ATLANTIS
Several thousand books have been written on Atlantis since it was first mentioned by the Greek philosopher Plato and his story continues to persist for more than 2,300 years after his death. According to the learned Hispanic authors of al-Andalish, the Atlanteans were antediluvian magicians and fire worshippers, who dominated Iberia before the Phoenicians. Ibn al-Marrâkushî states: “And it is known that the first people who arrived to this country (Iberia) after the flood was a people called al-Andlush, from whom it was named (Iberia) al-Andlus, and that these settlers were magicians”. From this information, it appears the true source for al-Andalus was the Atlanteans who inhabited Iberia following the destruction of Atlantis.
The Athenian statesman Solon (638–558 BC) of the city of Sais, traveled to Egypt and encountered the priests of the goddess Neith. During his visit, an aged priest shared the story of an advanced ancient people who lived there 9,000 years earlier and during this time had been in conflict with Athens. Plato's dialogue does not mention a name for the priest, but Plutarch (46-120 AD), in his Life of Solon identified the aged priest as Sonchis. Sonchis was the most learned of all the priests and put the story of Atlantis into a poem, bringing this knowledge to the Greeks. These Greek philosophers who visited Egypt and received advice from the Egyptian priests are detailed by Plutarch in his book On Isis and Osiris.
Plato said Atlantis existed about 9,000 years before his own time, and that its story had been passed down by poets, priests, and others. The founders of Atlantis, he said, created a utopian civilization and became a great naval power. Their home was made up of concentric islands separated by wide moats and linked by a canal that penetrated to the center. The lush islands contained gold, silver, and other precious metals and supported an abundance of rare, exotic wildlife. There was a great capital city on the central island. In Critias, the second part of Plato’s story of Atlantis written around 360 BC relates an account of an advanced and powerful empire inhabited by a moral, spiritual people who lived in a highly advanced, utopian civilization.
According to Plato, Poseidon chose his domain on the island of Atlantis where Atlantean life was utopic with much reverence and respect for all. Much care and devotion went into the construction of the Atlantean islands with waterways and landscaping being a major feature. Also in Critias, we are told of the baths that were constructed for both the people of Atlantis and also the animals. Horses played an important role in Atlantean life with "... gardens and places of exercise, some for men, and others for horses in both of the two islands formed by the zones; and in the centre of the larger of the two [island] there was set apart a race-course of a stadium in width, and in length allowed to extend all-round the island, for horses to race in". These much adored horses were treated as highly evolved beings with a loving bond existing between horse and rider. They were ridden without the use of saddles or bridles as shown on the petroglyphs of Galicia, and were guided to their destination purely by thought.
Crantor, a Greek philosopher and scholar of the Old Academy, was born around the middle of the 4th century BC, at Soli in Cilicia. The following is written about him by Otto Muck in Alles über Atlantis, in 1954. "Crantor came to Sais and saw there in the temple of Neith the column, completely covered with hieroglyphs, on which the history of Atlantis was recorded. Scholars translated it for him, and he testified that their account fully agreed with Plato's account of Atlantis."
Arabic texts offering the first mentions of the island of Al-Andalus and the sea of al-Andalus become extraordinarily clear if we substitute this expressions with "Atlantis" or "Atlantic". Andalish or Andlish refers to the Atlantean, according to Dr. Joaquin Vallvé, an outstanding arabist, member of the Royal Spanish Academy, in accordance with all the Islamic documentation he has been able to gather and study for decades. Richard Freund, a professor at the University of Hartford, held the belief that the Phoenicians were descendants of the Atlanteans and archaeologists continue their search for an ancient civilization in southern Spain which could help explain more about the Atlantis of al-Andalus.
Sonjis of Sais and Psefonis of Heliopolis were considered the wiser men of its time, according to Plutarch. Historians such as Plutarch, Marcellus, Crantor, confirm the existence of Egyptian stelae with reliefs and paintings depicting Atlantis story. Egyptian priests themselves talked to Solon, Sonjis of Sais and Psenofis of Heliopolis, whose names we know through the verification made by Plutarch with Egyptian archives, acknowledged other Egyptian authorities’ like Patheneit, Ojaapis or Eutemo as Solon sources, according to the famed Proclus. Crantor’s fides atque auctoritas, his prestige, his code of ethics and his moral values were highly praised and regarded by several ancient authors who were considered as great authorities.
A passage from the commentary by Proclus of Athens (*412–485 C.E.) an authoritative philosopher of late antiquity on the "Timaeus" gives a description of the geography of Atlantis: That an island of such nature and size once existed is evident from what is said by certain authors who investigated the things around the outer sea. For according to them, there were seven islands in that sea in their time, sacred to Persephone, and also three others of enormous size, one of which was sacred to Hades, another to Ammon, and another one between them to Poseidon, the extent of which was a thousand stadia [200 km]; and the inhabitants of it—they add—preserved the remembrance from their ancestors of the immeasurably large island of Atlantis which had really existed there and which for many ages had reigned over all islands in the Atlantic sea and which itself had likewise been sacred to Poseidon. Now these things Marcellus has written in his Aethiopica.
National Geographic Ocean explorer Robert Ballard says, the legend of Atlantis is a "logical" one since cataclysmic floods and volcanic explosions have happened throughout history, including one event that had some similarities to the story of the destruction of Atlantis. The clairvoyant Edgar Cayce spoke frequently of Atlantis and during his "life readings" he claimed that many of his subjects were reincarnations of people who had lived there. By tapping into their collective consciousness, the "Akashic Records" (a term borrowed from Theosophy), he declared that he was able to give detailed descriptions of the lost continent. He also asserted that Atlantis would "rise" again in the 1960s (sparking much popularity of the myth in that decade) and that there is a "Hall of Records" beneath the Egyptian Sphinx which holds the historical texts of Atlantis.
Egerton Sykes (1894-1983) created and held the largest private collection on Atlantis in the world. In 1968 he published Egypt and Atlantis in which he stated, "The proto Egyptians, after the fall of Atlantis, sought refuge in North Africa, at that time a fertile land with the Meropic sea stretching inland into what is now the Sahara Desert. At some period, probably about 5000 BC, the climate changed and they were obliged to seek refuge elsewhere. ... The largest and most powerful group crossed the desert to Egypt where after a thousand years or more fighting with the local tribesmen, they managed to unite Egypt, the Upper and the Lower Kingdoms, into one at the beginning of the First dynasty. ... The only structures in Egypt that may date back to the days of Atlantis are the three Great Pyramids, which may well have been put up before the disaster.
According to Jorge Maria Ribero-Meneses, Atlantis was in northern Spain. He specifically argues that Atlantis is the underwater plateau, known internationally as "Le Danois Bank" and locally as "The Cachucho". It is located about 25 kilometers from the continental shelf and about 60 km off the coast of Asturias, and Lastres between Ribadesella. Its top is now 425 meters below the sea. It is 50 kilometers from east to west and 18 km from north to south. Ribero-Meneses hypothesized that part of the continental margin that broke off at least 12,000 years ago as the result of tectonic processes that occurred at the end of the last ice age. He argues that they created a tsunami with waves with heights of hundreds of meters and that the few survivors had to start virtually from scratch.
Detailed studies of the geology of the Le Danois Bank region have refuted the hypothesis proposed by Jorge Maria Ribero-Meneses that the Le Danois Bank was created by the collapse of the northern Cantabrian continental margin about 12,000 years ago. The Le Danois Bank represents part of the continental margin that has been uplifted by thrust faulting when the continental margin overrode oceanic crust during the Paleogene and Neogene periods. Along the northern edge of the Le Danois Bank, Precambrian granulite and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks have been thrust northward over Miocene and Oligocene marine sediments. The basin separating the Le Danois Bank from the Cantabrian continental margin to the south is a graben that simultaneously formed as a result of normal faulting associated with the thrust faulting. In addition, marine sediments that range in age from lower Pliocene to Pleistocene, cover large parts of Le Danois Bank, and fill the basin separating it from the Cantabrian continental margin demonstrate that this bank has been submerged beneath the Bay of Biscay for millions of years.
The Athenian statesman Solon (638–558 BC) of the city of Sais, traveled to Egypt and encountered the priests of the goddess Neith. During his visit, an aged priest shared the story of an advanced ancient people who lived there 9,000 years earlier and during this time had been in conflict with Athens. Plato's dialogue does not mention a name for the priest, but Plutarch (46-120 AD), in his Life of Solon identified the aged priest as Sonchis. Sonchis was the most learned of all the priests and put the story of Atlantis into a poem, bringing this knowledge to the Greeks. These Greek philosophers who visited Egypt and received advice from the Egyptian priests are detailed by Plutarch in his book On Isis and Osiris.
Plato said Atlantis existed about 9,000 years before his own time, and that its story had been passed down by poets, priests, and others. The founders of Atlantis, he said, created a utopian civilization and became a great naval power. Their home was made up of concentric islands separated by wide moats and linked by a canal that penetrated to the center. The lush islands contained gold, silver, and other precious metals and supported an abundance of rare, exotic wildlife. There was a great capital city on the central island. In Critias, the second part of Plato’s story of Atlantis written around 360 BC relates an account of an advanced and powerful empire inhabited by a moral, spiritual people who lived in a highly advanced, utopian civilization.
According to Plato, Poseidon chose his domain on the island of Atlantis where Atlantean life was utopic with much reverence and respect for all. Much care and devotion went into the construction of the Atlantean islands with waterways and landscaping being a major feature. Also in Critias, we are told of the baths that were constructed for both the people of Atlantis and also the animals. Horses played an important role in Atlantean life with "... gardens and places of exercise, some for men, and others for horses in both of the two islands formed by the zones; and in the centre of the larger of the two [island] there was set apart a race-course of a stadium in width, and in length allowed to extend all-round the island, for horses to race in". These much adored horses were treated as highly evolved beings with a loving bond existing between horse and rider. They were ridden without the use of saddles or bridles as shown on the petroglyphs of Galicia, and were guided to their destination purely by thought.
Crantor, a Greek philosopher and scholar of the Old Academy, was born around the middle of the 4th century BC, at Soli in Cilicia. The following is written about him by Otto Muck in Alles über Atlantis, in 1954. "Crantor came to Sais and saw there in the temple of Neith the column, completely covered with hieroglyphs, on which the history of Atlantis was recorded. Scholars translated it for him, and he testified that their account fully agreed with Plato's account of Atlantis."
Arabic texts offering the first mentions of the island of Al-Andalus and the sea of al-Andalus become extraordinarily clear if we substitute this expressions with "Atlantis" or "Atlantic". Andalish or Andlish refers to the Atlantean, according to Dr. Joaquin Vallvé, an outstanding arabist, member of the Royal Spanish Academy, in accordance with all the Islamic documentation he has been able to gather and study for decades. Richard Freund, a professor at the University of Hartford, held the belief that the Phoenicians were descendants of the Atlanteans and archaeologists continue their search for an ancient civilization in southern Spain which could help explain more about the Atlantis of al-Andalus.
Sonjis of Sais and Psefonis of Heliopolis were considered the wiser men of its time, according to Plutarch. Historians such as Plutarch, Marcellus, Crantor, confirm the existence of Egyptian stelae with reliefs and paintings depicting Atlantis story. Egyptian priests themselves talked to Solon, Sonjis of Sais and Psenofis of Heliopolis, whose names we know through the verification made by Plutarch with Egyptian archives, acknowledged other Egyptian authorities’ like Patheneit, Ojaapis or Eutemo as Solon sources, according to the famed Proclus. Crantor’s fides atque auctoritas, his prestige, his code of ethics and his moral values were highly praised and regarded by several ancient authors who were considered as great authorities.
A passage from the commentary by Proclus of Athens (*412–485 C.E.) an authoritative philosopher of late antiquity on the "Timaeus" gives a description of the geography of Atlantis: That an island of such nature and size once existed is evident from what is said by certain authors who investigated the things around the outer sea. For according to them, there were seven islands in that sea in their time, sacred to Persephone, and also three others of enormous size, one of which was sacred to Hades, another to Ammon, and another one between them to Poseidon, the extent of which was a thousand stadia [200 km]; and the inhabitants of it—they add—preserved the remembrance from their ancestors of the immeasurably large island of Atlantis which had really existed there and which for many ages had reigned over all islands in the Atlantic sea and which itself had likewise been sacred to Poseidon. Now these things Marcellus has written in his Aethiopica.
National Geographic Ocean explorer Robert Ballard says, the legend of Atlantis is a "logical" one since cataclysmic floods and volcanic explosions have happened throughout history, including one event that had some similarities to the story of the destruction of Atlantis. The clairvoyant Edgar Cayce spoke frequently of Atlantis and during his "life readings" he claimed that many of his subjects were reincarnations of people who had lived there. By tapping into their collective consciousness, the "Akashic Records" (a term borrowed from Theosophy), he declared that he was able to give detailed descriptions of the lost continent. He also asserted that Atlantis would "rise" again in the 1960s (sparking much popularity of the myth in that decade) and that there is a "Hall of Records" beneath the Egyptian Sphinx which holds the historical texts of Atlantis.
Egerton Sykes (1894-1983) created and held the largest private collection on Atlantis in the world. In 1968 he published Egypt and Atlantis in which he stated, "The proto Egyptians, after the fall of Atlantis, sought refuge in North Africa, at that time a fertile land with the Meropic sea stretching inland into what is now the Sahara Desert. At some period, probably about 5000 BC, the climate changed and they were obliged to seek refuge elsewhere. ... The largest and most powerful group crossed the desert to Egypt where after a thousand years or more fighting with the local tribesmen, they managed to unite Egypt, the Upper and the Lower Kingdoms, into one at the beginning of the First dynasty. ... The only structures in Egypt that may date back to the days of Atlantis are the three Great Pyramids, which may well have been put up before the disaster.
According to Jorge Maria Ribero-Meneses, Atlantis was in northern Spain. He specifically argues that Atlantis is the underwater plateau, known internationally as "Le Danois Bank" and locally as "The Cachucho". It is located about 25 kilometers from the continental shelf and about 60 km off the coast of Asturias, and Lastres between Ribadesella. Its top is now 425 meters below the sea. It is 50 kilometers from east to west and 18 km from north to south. Ribero-Meneses hypothesized that part of the continental margin that broke off at least 12,000 years ago as the result of tectonic processes that occurred at the end of the last ice age. He argues that they created a tsunami with waves with heights of hundreds of meters and that the few survivors had to start virtually from scratch.
Detailed studies of the geology of the Le Danois Bank region have refuted the hypothesis proposed by Jorge Maria Ribero-Meneses that the Le Danois Bank was created by the collapse of the northern Cantabrian continental margin about 12,000 years ago. The Le Danois Bank represents part of the continental margin that has been uplifted by thrust faulting when the continental margin overrode oceanic crust during the Paleogene and Neogene periods. Along the northern edge of the Le Danois Bank, Precambrian granulite and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks have been thrust northward over Miocene and Oligocene marine sediments. The basin separating the Le Danois Bank from the Cantabrian continental margin to the south is a graben that simultaneously formed as a result of normal faulting associated with the thrust faulting. In addition, marine sediments that range in age from lower Pliocene to Pleistocene, cover large parts of Le Danois Bank, and fill the basin separating it from the Cantabrian continental margin demonstrate that this bank has been submerged beneath the Bay of Biscay for millions of years.
Piri Reis, of the Ottoman Empire, was an admiral and cartographer credited with the drawn and signed world map dated 1513. Piri based his map on about 20 charts and mappae mundi, and included eight Ptolemaic maps, an Arabic map of India, four newly drawn Portuguese maps from Sindh, and a map by Christopher Columbus of the western lands per the map's legend. The map was accurate based on recent satellite imagery for topographic mapping, and a number of experts claim that the map is proof of an advanced seafaring civilization on Earth during this time period that disappeared suddenly.
The discovery of this map was made in 1929 when the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul, Turkey was converted into a museum. The map shows land features of the Antarctic coastline which has been under thick ice for 420,000 years per studies by paleoclimatologists using the Vostok ice core in Antarctica. Was it possible to provide accurate details of a coastline in 1513 when Antarctica was covered in thick ice?
The map shows the tip of South America attached to Antarctica, which could only be explained by continental drift in which it broke off and formed its own continent. One school of thought is this may have occurred around the time of the sinking of Atlantis during a period of shifting of the tectonic plates which was preceded by a meteor impact.
Macquarie University's Dr. Craig O'Neill and colleagues found that during the Middle Archean, 62-mile-wide impacts were capable of weakening Earth’s rigid, outermost layer. “This could have acted as a trigger for tectonic processes, especially if Earth’s exterior was already ‘primed’ for subduction,” Dr. O’Neill said.
Airborne radar and ground sampling have found an impact crater called the Hiawatha crater on northwest Greenland. Radar reflections from volcanic grit in the ice can be tied to dated ice cores drilled elsewhere on northwest Greenland. Those reflections stop at 11,700 years ago and samples near the glacier’s outlet contained beads of once-molten glass and shocked quartz crystals scarred by high temperatures and pressures. After an impact, rebounding molten rock piles up in a central peak and sometimes collapses into a peak ring, one way to distinguish an impact crater from a volcano.
The Reis Map shows coastlines of South America and Africa accurately within a half a degree of longitude and the precise location of the Equator. Prior to 1790 when the marine chronometer was invented, sailors, navigators, and cartographers had no way to accurately pinpoint a given location, yet the Piri Reis map succeeded in doing so. The discovery of Antarctica in 1818 was several hundreds of years after the Piri Reis map shows the Antarctica land mass.
Professor Hapgood at the University of New Hampshire assisted by his students noticed that the map was drawn using the Mercator Projections, a methodology not used by European cartographers until the late 16th century. They also theorized that the map had to have been based on information older than 4.000 BCE, and theorized that the Earth underwent a shift in its axis around 9,500 BC, [11,500 years before present] displacing Antarctica and moving it thousands of miles south which caused it to become quickly covered in ice.
Edgar Cayce (1877-1945) is believed by many to be one of the most successful psychic's of the 20th century and in one of his "life readings" he revealed that Atlantis was destroyed as a device overloaded while using crystals to harness rays from the sun. Cayce recalled his past life as a priest named Ra Ta around 10,500 B.C. In this life he was able to sense the breakup of Atlantis and instructed part of his people to go to Egypt, where they built the Sphinx and the Great Pyramid. Near the Sphinx they constructed an underground "Hall of Records," to house a library preserving the wisdom of Atlantis. A secret passage leads from one of the Sphinx's paws to this hidden treasure. Others managed to escape in boats and established colonies elsewhere in the world.
The discovery of this map was made in 1929 when the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul, Turkey was converted into a museum. The map shows land features of the Antarctic coastline which has been under thick ice for 420,000 years per studies by paleoclimatologists using the Vostok ice core in Antarctica. Was it possible to provide accurate details of a coastline in 1513 when Antarctica was covered in thick ice?
The map shows the tip of South America attached to Antarctica, which could only be explained by continental drift in which it broke off and formed its own continent. One school of thought is this may have occurred around the time of the sinking of Atlantis during a period of shifting of the tectonic plates which was preceded by a meteor impact.
Macquarie University's Dr. Craig O'Neill and colleagues found that during the Middle Archean, 62-mile-wide impacts were capable of weakening Earth’s rigid, outermost layer. “This could have acted as a trigger for tectonic processes, especially if Earth’s exterior was already ‘primed’ for subduction,” Dr. O’Neill said.
Airborne radar and ground sampling have found an impact crater called the Hiawatha crater on northwest Greenland. Radar reflections from volcanic grit in the ice can be tied to dated ice cores drilled elsewhere on northwest Greenland. Those reflections stop at 11,700 years ago and samples near the glacier’s outlet contained beads of once-molten glass and shocked quartz crystals scarred by high temperatures and pressures. After an impact, rebounding molten rock piles up in a central peak and sometimes collapses into a peak ring, one way to distinguish an impact crater from a volcano.
The Reis Map shows coastlines of South America and Africa accurately within a half a degree of longitude and the precise location of the Equator. Prior to 1790 when the marine chronometer was invented, sailors, navigators, and cartographers had no way to accurately pinpoint a given location, yet the Piri Reis map succeeded in doing so. The discovery of Antarctica in 1818 was several hundreds of years after the Piri Reis map shows the Antarctica land mass.
Professor Hapgood at the University of New Hampshire assisted by his students noticed that the map was drawn using the Mercator Projections, a methodology not used by European cartographers until the late 16th century. They also theorized that the map had to have been based on information older than 4.000 BCE, and theorized that the Earth underwent a shift in its axis around 9,500 BC, [11,500 years before present] displacing Antarctica and moving it thousands of miles south which caused it to become quickly covered in ice.
Edgar Cayce (1877-1945) is believed by many to be one of the most successful psychic's of the 20th century and in one of his "life readings" he revealed that Atlantis was destroyed as a device overloaded while using crystals to harness rays from the sun. Cayce recalled his past life as a priest named Ra Ta around 10,500 B.C. In this life he was able to sense the breakup of Atlantis and instructed part of his people to go to Egypt, where they built the Sphinx and the Great Pyramid. Near the Sphinx they constructed an underground "Hall of Records," to house a library preserving the wisdom of Atlantis. A secret passage leads from one of the Sphinx's paws to this hidden treasure. Others managed to escape in boats and established colonies elsewhere in the world.
DUKES OF ALEMANNI
Leuthari II, Duke of Alemanni (ca. 600-675) The Chronicle of Fredegar records that "Leuthari murdered Otto, the mayor of the palace of Austrasia in 643". By doing so, he made Grimoald I the mayor of the palace for Sigebert III, in the 10th year of the reign of King Sigebert.
Adalrich / Eticho, Duke of Alsace, (ca. 645- 689-) m. Berswinde, daughter of Saint Sigebert III, King of the Franks, son of Dagobert I and Ragnetrud, married Emnechilde, daughter of Bodilon of Trèves and Saint Sigrade of Verdun.
Adalbert, Duke of Alsace (ca. 675-12/5/741 Alsace, France) m. 1) Gerlinde of Aquitaine 2) Eugenie / Ingina, a wealthy woman of Alsace, Ingina was not the mother of his children. Gerlinda (Gerelindis) was the daughter of Odo de Pfalzel and Adala (daughter of Hugobert). Hugobert was count of the palace under King Childebert III, and his wife was Saint Irmina d’Oeren (daughter of Theotarius, Bishop of Girona).
Liutfrid I, Duke of Alsace (ca. 700 Haut-Rhin, Alsace, France-743 Upper Alsace, France) m. Edith of Alsace.
Gerard I, of Sundgau de Alemanni and Alsace, Count of Paris, (c728-779) m. Rotrude Martel.
Leuthard I, Count of Fezensac and Paris (ca. 766 Fezensac, Gascony, France-1/2/816 Île-de-France, France) m. Grimhilda / Grimhildis / Grimmilde of Aquitaine.
Gerard II de Roussillon, Count of Paris (ca. 810 Roussillon, Isere, Rhone-Alpes, France-878 Avignon, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France) m. Bertha, daughter of Hugh of Tours and Eva / Bava.
Hucbald de Gouy, de Senlis, Count of Ostrevant (ca. 840 Ostrevant, Nord, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France-ca. 895 Hainaut, Ostrevant, Belgium) m. Hedwig of Friuli (ca. 840-936 Belgium) d/o Eberhard, Duke of the March of Friuli and Princess Gisela, d/o Louis the Pious.
Ralph I, de Gouy Count of Ostrevant, Vexin de Cambria, Amiens and Valois (ca. 864 Vexin, Seine Inferieure, Normandy, France-926 in Valois now Oise), Picardy, France) m. Hildegarde / Eldegarde (ca. 864->926) daughter and heiress of Ermenfrid de Friuli, count of Amiens.
Ralph II, de Gouy Count of Ostrevant, Vexin de Cambria, Amiens and Valois (ca. 889 Cambrai, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Normandy, France-ca. 943/44, he was killed in battle in Vexin, Seine Inferieure, Normandy, France m. Luitgarde (c889-978), daughter of Herbert I, count of Vermandois, and Bertha de Morvois.
Walter I, Count of the Vexin, Amiens and Valois (ca. 920 in Valois now Oise, Picary, France-ca. 998 Amiens, Somme, Picardy, France) m. Eve / Eva de Dreux, d/o Landry, count of Dreux.
Walter II, "le Blanc" OR "The White", de Gouy, Count of Vexin, Amiens and Valois,(ca. 940 in Amiens, Somme, Picardy, France-1027 in Castle at Crespy, Valois, now Oise, Picardy, France) m. Adele de Crepy, (ca. 940-) d/o Bernard (ca. 900-) de Senlis, count of Valois and his wife Adele (ca. 910-) (d/o Ralph II de Gouy of Crepy (ca. 898-943) and Luitgarde, ca. 889-978 d/o Herbert I (ca. 848-907) and Bertha de Morvois (ca. 866-6/15/923).
Drogo de Dreux, Count of Vexin, Amiens, Mantes and the Mantois (ca.900 Amiens, Somme, Picardy, France-7/1/1035 while on pilgrimage to the Holy Land (Burke's Peerage), he died of poison in Bithynia in 1035 on his way to the Holy Land with Robert Duke of Normandy m. Princess Goda / Godiva of England, daughter of Æthelred I "the Unready", King of England and Emma de Normandy,
Ralph de Gael, de Waer, de Ware de Montfort, Earl of East Anglia (ca. 1020 England-12/21/1057 Tenterden, Kent, England) m. Gytha d/o Osgod Clapa.
Harold de Gael, de Waer, Lord Ewyas (ca. 1051 Herefordshire, England-1120 Herefordshire, England m. Matilda "Maud" (sister of Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester & daughter of Richard d'Avranches and Emma de Conteville)
William Fitz-Harold de Ware de Ewyas de Gael (ca. 1090 Herefordshire, England- ca.1166 Herefordshire, England m. unknown.
John de Ware I (ca. 1120 Herefordshire, England- ca. 1186 Herefordshire, England).
John de Ware II (ca. 1155 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1210 Tenterden, Kent, England).
John Ware III (ca. 1190 Kent, England-ca. 1250 Kent, England).
Anthony Ware I (1212 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1270 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Anthony Ware II (ca. 1255 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1310 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Anthony Ware III (ca. 1295 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1350 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Edward Ware I (1325 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1380 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Edward Ware II (ca. 1350 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1410 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Edward Ware III (ca. 1374 Tenterden, Kent, England -ca. 1435 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Edward Ware IV (ca. 1396 Tenterden, Kent, England -ca. 1460 Tenterden, Kent, England).
John Ware I (ca. 1418 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1480 Tenterden, Kent, England).
John Ware II (ca. 1440 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1510 Tenterden, Kent, England).
John Ware III (ca. 1470 Tenterden, Kent, Englan- ca. 1530 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Anthony Ware (ca. 1510 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1570 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Peter Ware I (ca. 1540 Tenterden, Kent, England-12/3/1632 Tenterden, co. Kent, England).
Peter Ware II (ca. 1588 Tenterden co. Kent, England-) English Protestant Separatist, Pilgrim m. 6/8/1613 Tenterden, co. Kent, England Catherine Eaton d/o Anthony Eaton and Catherine.
Peter Ware III (ca. 1613 Tenterden co. Kent, England-Bfr. 9/10/1659 Hampton Parish, York Co., VA) m. Mary Hicks.
Nicholas Ware I (ca. 1642 Tenterden co. Kent, England-Bet. 1702-1704 New Kent Co., VA) m. Jenny Garrett, b. ca. 1648 d/o John Garrett.
Nicholas Ware II (1686 Stratton Major Parish, New Kent Co., VA-1744 St. Mary's Parish, Caroline Co., VA m. Ms. Long d/o Richard Long.
Henry Ware I (ca. 1726 Caroline Co., VA-11/1/1801 Lincoln Co., GA m. Martha Garrett d/o John Garrett and Frances Dudley.
Henry Ware II (12/16/1756 Caroline Co., VA-11/22/1807 Lincoln Co., GA) m. 12/14/1783 Goochland Co., VA m. Winifred "Winnie" Mims (1/11/1760 Goochland Co., VA-9/14/1812 Lincoln Co., GA) d/o Drury Mims and Lydia Jones.
John Mims Ware (2/29/1788 Edgefield Co., SC-8/18/1838 Heard Co., GA) m. 5/11/1811 Lincoln Co., GA Lucy Sturdivant d/o Matthew Sturdivant, Jr. and Patsy Tomlinson.
Senator James Britton Ware (6/16/1830 Heard Co., GA-1/30/1918 Heard Co., GA) m. 10/11/1849 Coweta Co., GA Sarah Margaret Tabitha Simms d/o John Simms and Comfort Mattox Grace.
John Fletcher Brook Ware (9/12/1857 Heard Co., GA-11/20/1922 Heard Co., GA) m. 1882 Heard Co., GA Lula Fannie Walker d/o John Joseph Walker and Lucy Ann Johnson.
William Britton Ware (12/26/1883 Corinth, GA-9/8/1968 Ft. Worth, TX m. 10/23/1919 Baird, TX Frances Lucille Swinson d/o John Thomas Swinson and Pearl Marvin Estill.
Gary Vern Ware (2/7/1931 Ft. Worth, TX-4/21/1988 Springfield, IL) m. 9/12/1952 Ft. Worth, TX, Mildred Hall d/o Burch Hall, Sr. and Nannie Beulah Stone d/o Charles F. Stone and Joyce Emery Shelton.
Adalrich / Eticho, Duke of Alsace, (ca. 645- 689-) m. Berswinde, daughter of Saint Sigebert III, King of the Franks, son of Dagobert I and Ragnetrud, married Emnechilde, daughter of Bodilon of Trèves and Saint Sigrade of Verdun.
Adalbert, Duke of Alsace (ca. 675-12/5/741 Alsace, France) m. 1) Gerlinde of Aquitaine 2) Eugenie / Ingina, a wealthy woman of Alsace, Ingina was not the mother of his children. Gerlinda (Gerelindis) was the daughter of Odo de Pfalzel and Adala (daughter of Hugobert). Hugobert was count of the palace under King Childebert III, and his wife was Saint Irmina d’Oeren (daughter of Theotarius, Bishop of Girona).
Liutfrid I, Duke of Alsace (ca. 700 Haut-Rhin, Alsace, France-743 Upper Alsace, France) m. Edith of Alsace.
Gerard I, of Sundgau de Alemanni and Alsace, Count of Paris, (c728-779) m. Rotrude Martel.
Leuthard I, Count of Fezensac and Paris (ca. 766 Fezensac, Gascony, France-1/2/816 Île-de-France, France) m. Grimhilda / Grimhildis / Grimmilde of Aquitaine.
Gerard II de Roussillon, Count of Paris (ca. 810 Roussillon, Isere, Rhone-Alpes, France-878 Avignon, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France) m. Bertha, daughter of Hugh of Tours and Eva / Bava.
Hucbald de Gouy, de Senlis, Count of Ostrevant (ca. 840 Ostrevant, Nord, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France-ca. 895 Hainaut, Ostrevant, Belgium) m. Hedwig of Friuli (ca. 840-936 Belgium) d/o Eberhard, Duke of the March of Friuli and Princess Gisela, d/o Louis the Pious.
Ralph I, de Gouy Count of Ostrevant, Vexin de Cambria, Amiens and Valois (ca. 864 Vexin, Seine Inferieure, Normandy, France-926 in Valois now Oise), Picardy, France) m. Hildegarde / Eldegarde (ca. 864->926) daughter and heiress of Ermenfrid de Friuli, count of Amiens.
Ralph II, de Gouy Count of Ostrevant, Vexin de Cambria, Amiens and Valois (ca. 889 Cambrai, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Normandy, France-ca. 943/44, he was killed in battle in Vexin, Seine Inferieure, Normandy, France m. Luitgarde (c889-978), daughter of Herbert I, count of Vermandois, and Bertha de Morvois.
Walter I, Count of the Vexin, Amiens and Valois (ca. 920 in Valois now Oise, Picary, France-ca. 998 Amiens, Somme, Picardy, France) m. Eve / Eva de Dreux, d/o Landry, count of Dreux.
Walter II, "le Blanc" OR "The White", de Gouy, Count of Vexin, Amiens and Valois,(ca. 940 in Amiens, Somme, Picardy, France-1027 in Castle at Crespy, Valois, now Oise, Picardy, France) m. Adele de Crepy, (ca. 940-) d/o Bernard (ca. 900-) de Senlis, count of Valois and his wife Adele (ca. 910-) (d/o Ralph II de Gouy of Crepy (ca. 898-943) and Luitgarde, ca. 889-978 d/o Herbert I (ca. 848-907) and Bertha de Morvois (ca. 866-6/15/923).
Drogo de Dreux, Count of Vexin, Amiens, Mantes and the Mantois (ca.900 Amiens, Somme, Picardy, France-7/1/1035 while on pilgrimage to the Holy Land (Burke's Peerage), he died of poison in Bithynia in 1035 on his way to the Holy Land with Robert Duke of Normandy m. Princess Goda / Godiva of England, daughter of Æthelred I "the Unready", King of England and Emma de Normandy,
Ralph de Gael, de Waer, de Ware de Montfort, Earl of East Anglia (ca. 1020 England-12/21/1057 Tenterden, Kent, England) m. Gytha d/o Osgod Clapa.
Harold de Gael, de Waer, Lord Ewyas (ca. 1051 Herefordshire, England-1120 Herefordshire, England m. Matilda "Maud" (sister of Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester & daughter of Richard d'Avranches and Emma de Conteville)
William Fitz-Harold de Ware de Ewyas de Gael (ca. 1090 Herefordshire, England- ca.1166 Herefordshire, England m. unknown.
John de Ware I (ca. 1120 Herefordshire, England- ca. 1186 Herefordshire, England).
John de Ware II (ca. 1155 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1210 Tenterden, Kent, England).
John Ware III (ca. 1190 Kent, England-ca. 1250 Kent, England).
Anthony Ware I (1212 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1270 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Anthony Ware II (ca. 1255 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1310 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Anthony Ware III (ca. 1295 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1350 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Edward Ware I (1325 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1380 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Edward Ware II (ca. 1350 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1410 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Edward Ware III (ca. 1374 Tenterden, Kent, England -ca. 1435 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Edward Ware IV (ca. 1396 Tenterden, Kent, England -ca. 1460 Tenterden, Kent, England).
John Ware I (ca. 1418 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1480 Tenterden, Kent, England).
John Ware II (ca. 1440 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1510 Tenterden, Kent, England).
John Ware III (ca. 1470 Tenterden, Kent, Englan- ca. 1530 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Anthony Ware (ca. 1510 Tenterden, Kent, England-ca. 1570 Tenterden, Kent, England).
Peter Ware I (ca. 1540 Tenterden, Kent, England-12/3/1632 Tenterden, co. Kent, England).
Peter Ware II (ca. 1588 Tenterden co. Kent, England-) English Protestant Separatist, Pilgrim m. 6/8/1613 Tenterden, co. Kent, England Catherine Eaton d/o Anthony Eaton and Catherine.
Peter Ware III (ca. 1613 Tenterden co. Kent, England-Bfr. 9/10/1659 Hampton Parish, York Co., VA) m. Mary Hicks.
Nicholas Ware I (ca. 1642 Tenterden co. Kent, England-Bet. 1702-1704 New Kent Co., VA) m. Jenny Garrett, b. ca. 1648 d/o John Garrett.
Nicholas Ware II (1686 Stratton Major Parish, New Kent Co., VA-1744 St. Mary's Parish, Caroline Co., VA m. Ms. Long d/o Richard Long.
Henry Ware I (ca. 1726 Caroline Co., VA-11/1/1801 Lincoln Co., GA m. Martha Garrett d/o John Garrett and Frances Dudley.
Henry Ware II (12/16/1756 Caroline Co., VA-11/22/1807 Lincoln Co., GA) m. 12/14/1783 Goochland Co., VA m. Winifred "Winnie" Mims (1/11/1760 Goochland Co., VA-9/14/1812 Lincoln Co., GA) d/o Drury Mims and Lydia Jones.
John Mims Ware (2/29/1788 Edgefield Co., SC-8/18/1838 Heard Co., GA) m. 5/11/1811 Lincoln Co., GA Lucy Sturdivant d/o Matthew Sturdivant, Jr. and Patsy Tomlinson.
Senator James Britton Ware (6/16/1830 Heard Co., GA-1/30/1918 Heard Co., GA) m. 10/11/1849 Coweta Co., GA Sarah Margaret Tabitha Simms d/o John Simms and Comfort Mattox Grace.
John Fletcher Brook Ware (9/12/1857 Heard Co., GA-11/20/1922 Heard Co., GA) m. 1882 Heard Co., GA Lula Fannie Walker d/o John Joseph Walker and Lucy Ann Johnson.
William Britton Ware (12/26/1883 Corinth, GA-9/8/1968 Ft. Worth, TX m. 10/23/1919 Baird, TX Frances Lucille Swinson d/o John Thomas Swinson and Pearl Marvin Estill.
Gary Vern Ware (2/7/1931 Ft. Worth, TX-4/21/1988 Springfield, IL) m. 9/12/1952 Ft. Worth, TX, Mildred Hall d/o Burch Hall, Sr. and Nannie Beulah Stone d/o Charles F. Stone and Joyce Emery Shelton.